Angina Pectoris: Understanding Its Causes and Symptoms

Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, occurs when there is an imbalance between the oxygen supply to the heart muscle and its demand. This imbalance leads to myocardial ischemia, which can cause a buildup of metabolic byproducts and ultimately result in chest discomfort or pain. The classic form of angina is exertional angina, where symptoms such as chest tightness, pain, or shortness of breath appear after physical activity and subside with rest.

Common Conditions Associated With Angina

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

One of the most prevalent causes of angina is coronary artery disease. When plaque builds up in the coronary arteries—such as the right coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, or the circumflex artery—the blood flow becomes restricted. This reduced blood flow leads to insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle, resulting in ischemia and angina symptoms.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Aortic Stenosis

Other conditions that may cause angina include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe aortic valve stenosis. In these cases, the heart must work harder to pump blood, increasing oxygen demand and potentially triggering angina, especially after physical exertion.

Recognizing the Varied Symptoms of Angina

It's important to note that angina doesn't always present as sharp chest pain. Some individuals may experience a feeling of pressure, heaviness, or even shortness of breath. Additionally, the discomfort may not be localized to the chest—it can radiate to other areas such as the jaw, neck, back, or even present as tooth pain.

If chest discomfort or related symptoms occur during physical activity and resolve within a few minutes of rest, it is crucial to consider angina as a potential cause. Early recognition and proper diagnosis are essential for effective management and reducing the risk of more serious cardiovascular events.