Hepatitis A and B Transmission Routes Explained

Hepatitis A is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, which means it spreads via contaminated food and water. When sanitation is poor or hygiene practices are inadequate, the virus can easily pass from one person to another. One notable example occurred in Shanghai in 1988, where contaminated water used to cultivate clams led to an outbreak affecting nearly 290,000 people. This highlights the importance of clean water and food safety in preventing Hepatitis A outbreaks.

How Hepatitis B Spreads

Hepatitis B is mainly transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. It can also be passed from mother to child during childbirth. This type of transmission has been significantly reduced in recent years due to improved medical protocols and preventive care.

Bloodborne Transmission

In the past, many Hepatitis B infections occurred through blood transfusions or the use of contaminated blood products. However, thanks to stricter blood screening and management practices, such transmission routes have become increasingly rare. Sharing needles or syringes was another common way the virus spread, especially among intravenous drug users. Today, most healthcare facilities use disposable syringes, further reducing the risk of infection in clinical settings.

Additionally, sharing personal items like toothbrushes, razors, or shaving tools can also lead to transmission if these objects come into contact with infected blood. Even small cuts or abrasions on the skin can serve as entry points for the virus, making it crucial to avoid sharing such items with someone who may be infected.

Mother-to-Child Transmission

Vertical transmission — from an infected mother to her newborn during delivery — is a significant mode of Hepatitis B spread. Fortunately, this route can now be effectively interrupted through timely administration of antiviral treatments and vaccines to the newborn. With proper medical intervention, the risk of transmission can be dramatically reduced, protecting the next generation from chronic Hepatitis B infection.