Common Causes of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding can arise from a variety of underlying conditions, the most common being peptic ulcers, liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension, gastric malignancies, and biliary tract hemorrhage. Among these, peptic ulcer disease stands out as the leading cause of upper GI bleeding.

Peptic Ulcers as the Primary Cause

Peptic ulcers are typically classified into two types: gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers. Gastric ulcers are more commonly seen in older adults, while duodenal ulcers tend to affect younger individuals. The symptoms often differ between the two types. Patients with gastric ulcers usually experience increased abdominal pain after eating, whereas those with duodenal ulcers often report pain relief after meals.

Other Significant Causes

Portal Hypertension Due to Liver Cirrhosis

Another major cause of upper GI bleeding is esophageal varices, which are often a complication of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. These enlarged veins in the esophagus can rupture and lead to severe bleeding.

Gastric Cancer

Gastric malignancies, particularly advanced stages of stomach cancer, can also result in significant bleeding. This is more common in populations with a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection or other risk factors like chronic gastritis and dietary habits.

Biliary Tract Hemorrhage

Although less common, bleeding from the biliary tract—often due to trauma, gallbladder disease, or tumors—can also contribute to upper GI bleeding. This type of bleeding may present with additional symptoms such as jaundice or abdominal pain in the upper right quadrant.

Diagnosis and Treatment

When patients seek medical attention for symptoms like hematemesis or melena, diagnostic procedures such as endoscopy are commonly performed. These tests help identify the exact source of bleeding and guide appropriate treatment. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, targeted therapy can be initiated, which may include medication, endoscopic interventions, or surgery in severe cases.

Early detection and proper management are crucial in reducing the risk of complications associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. If you or someone you know experiences signs of GI bleeding, prompt medical care is strongly recommended.