Common Causes of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the most common causes can help in prevention and early detection. The following are the primary factors associated with upper GI bleeding.

Peptic Ulcers

Peptic ulcers are among the most frequent causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. These ulcers can develop in the stomach (gastric ulcers), the first part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers), and occasionally in the esophagus (esophageal ulcers). When left untreated, these sores can erode blood vessels, leading to significant bleeding.

Acute Gastric Mucosal Lesions

Also known as acute hemorrhagic gastritis, this condition often occurs following major surgery, severe trauma, or during periods of extreme physiological stress. Additionally, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can damage the protective lining of the stomach, increasing the risk of bleeding. This type of gastric injury is a common cause of acute upper GI bleeding.

Esophageal and Gastric Varices

Ruptured esophageal or gastric varices are another major cause of upper GI bleeding. These abnormally enlarged veins typically develop in individuals with chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. When the pressure in these veins becomes too high, they can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding.

Gastric Cancer and Tumors

Although less common than the other causes, gastric malignancies can also lead to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Both benign and malignant tumors in the stomach may erode into blood vessels, resulting in internal bleeding. Symptoms may be subtle and often go unnoticed until the condition progresses.

In summary, the four most common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding include peptic ulcers, acute gastric mucosal lesions, ruptured varices, and gastric tumors. Recognizing these causes can help individuals seek timely medical care and improve outcomes.