Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: How to Provide First Aid at Home

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a serious medical condition commonly characterized by vomiting blood (hematemesis) and passing black, tarry stools (melena). This type of bleeding typically originates from the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, often due to peptic ulcers, esophageal varices caused by cirrhosis of the liver, acute erosive gastritis, or even gastric cancer.

Recognizing the Symptoms Before Bleeding Occurs

Prior to the onset of bleeding, many patients experience symptoms such as nausea and abdominal discomfort. In cases of significant blood loss, individuals may develop dizziness, cold sweats, fatigue, pallor, a rapid and weak pulse, and a drop in blood pressure. Vomited blood may appear bright red or contain food particles. However, it's important to rule out non-blood causes like the consumption of red-colored foods (e.g., beetroot, cherries) or certain medications that can mimic the appearance of blood in vomit.

Immediate Home First Aid Steps

When signs of GI bleeding appear, it's crucial to act quickly. The first step is to provide immediate care at home to stabilize the patient while calling emergency services for professional medical help. Remaining calm and reassuring the patient can help alleviate their anxiety and stress. Family members or caregivers should avoid showing signs of panic, as this can worsen the patient's emotional state.

Positioning the Patient Correctly

The affected person should lie flat with their feet elevated above the level of their head—ideally by placing a pillow under the feet to create a 30-degree angle with the bed. This position helps promote blood flow from the lower limbs back to the heart and brain. If the patient is vomiting blood, their head should be turned to one side to prevent aspiration of blood into the airway. They should not consume any food or drink during this time and should be kept warm to prevent hypothermia.

Handling Severe Cases Involving Shock

In cases where the patient has already gone into shock, it's vital to clear any accumulated blood from the mouth to prevent choking or airway blockage. Prompt hospitalization is essential for further diagnosis and treatment. Professional medical intervention may include blood transfusions, endoscopic procedures, or medication to control bleeding and stabilize the patient's condition.