Irritable Bowel Syndrome Explained: Symptoms, Types, and Treatment Options

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is one of the most commonly diagnosed functional gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. It is characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal discomfort and pain, often accompanied by noticeable changes in bowel habits. Unlike structural diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), IBS does not cause visible inflammation or permanent damage to the digestive tract, but it can significantly impact a person's quality of life.

Understanding the Different Types of IBS

IBS is typically categorized into four main subtypes based on the predominant bowel habit:

• IBS-C (Constipation-predominant): Features hard or lumpy stools more than 25% of the time.
• IBS-D (Diarrhea-predominant): Involves loose or watery stools more than 25% of the time.
• IBS-M (Mixed): Alternates between constipation and diarrhea, with both occurring more than 25% of the time.
• IBS-U (Unsubtyped): Does not fit clearly into any of the above categories, often with less than 25% variation in stool consistency.

Common Symptoms Beyond Digestive Distress

While changes in bowel movements are the hallmark of IBS, many individuals also experience additional symptoms such as bloating, abdominal distension, early satiety, and a persistent feeling of fullness after eating. Other non-digestive symptoms may include fatigue, weight loss, reduced appetite, and heightened emotional sensitivity. Stress and anxiety are known to exacerbate these symptoms, highlighting the mind-gut connection in IBS management.

Approaches to Treatment and Symptom Relief

Current treatment strategies for IBS are largely symptom-based. For example, fiber supplements and laxatives may be recommended for IBS-C, while antidiarrheal medications are often used for IBS-D. Lifestyle modifications such as dietary changes, stress management techniques, and regular physical activity are also essential components of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Complementary Therapies and Traditional Approaches

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), IBS is often linked to liver qi stagnation and disharmony in the digestive system. Treatment typically focuses on soothing the liver, regulating qi, and harmonizing the stomach. Herbal formulations like Tong Xie Yao Fang combined with Si Shen Wan are commonly prescribed to alleviate symptoms and restore balance within the body.