Causes Of Chronic Superficial Gastritis
Chronic superficial gastritis is a common condition affecting the stomach lining, yet its exact causes remain incompletely understood. However, medical research has identified several contributing factors that play a significant role in the development of this condition. Understanding these triggers is essential for prevention and management.
1. Bacterial, Viral Infections, and Toxins
One of the most recognized causes of superficial gastritis is infection from bacteria, viruses, or exposure to their toxins. This often follows an episode of acute gastritis, where the stomach lining fails to heal properly or experiences recurring damage over time. Chronic infections in the nasal passages, mouth, or throat—such as periodontal disease, tonsillitis, or gastritis of the antrum—can lead to the continuous ingestion of bacteria or their toxins. These substances irritate the gastric mucosa, gradually leading to chronic inflammation. Studies show that around 90% of individuals with chronic tonsillitis exhibit signs of chronic inflammatory changes in the stomach lining.
2. Tobacco Use
Smoking is another significant contributor to chronic gastritis. Nicotine, the primary harmful component in tobacco, can weaken the lower esophageal sphincter and relax the pyloric sphincter, allowing bile and intestinal contents to reflux into the stomach. It also causes vasoconstriction in gastric blood vessels and increases gastric acid production. These effects compromise the protective mucosal barrier, making the stomach more susceptible to inflammation and damage.
3. Medication Use
Common Culprits Include:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen
- Corticosteroids
- Digitalis
- Indomethacin
- Phenylbutazone
These medications can irritate the gastric lining and interfere with the production of protective mucus, leading to chronic mucosal damage and inflammation over time.
4. Dietary Habits and Irritating Foods
Diet plays a crucial role in maintaining gastric health. Regular consumption of alcohol, strong tea, coffee, spicy dishes, or coarse foods can erode the stomach's protective barrier. Additionally, irregular eating patterns—such as skipping meals or overeating—can disrupt normal gastric function, increasing the risk of inflammation.
5. Circulatory and Metabolic Disorders
Conditions like congestive heart failure or portal hypertension can cause chronic gastric congestion and hypoxia, weakening the mucosal defense mechanisms. This leads to reduced acid production, bacterial overgrowth, and subsequent inflammation. In cases of chronic kidney disease, urea is excreted through the gastrointestinal tract, where it is broken down by gut bacteria into ammonia and carbonic acid. These substances are highly irritating and can cause mucosal swelling, redness, and even ulceration.
6. Bile or Duodenal Reflux
Bile reflux is a well-documented cause of superficial gastritis. When the pyloric sphincter malfunctions—either due to disease or following gastric surgery—bile and duodenal juices can flow back into the stomach. This backflow damages the mucosal lining and allows hydrogen ions and pepsin to penetrate deeper into the tissue, triggering inflammation and other pathological changes.
7. Helicobacter pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the stomach lining and is a major cause of chronic gastritis. Its presence triggers a persistent immune response, leading to long-term inflammation and increasing the risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer if left untreated.
8. Psychological Stress
Chronic emotional stress, anxiety, or depression can disrupt the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This imbalance affects gastric blood flow and mucus production, weakening the mucosal barrier and promoting chronic inflammation. The connection between mental health and gastrointestinal function is increasingly recognized in medical literature.