Duodenal Ulcer Causes: Understanding the Primary Triggers

Duodenal ulcers are painful sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Understanding what causes these ulcers is essential for both prevention and treatment. Several key factors contribute to the development of duodenal ulcers, and they often involve a combination of lifestyle habits, medications, and bacterial infections.

Excess Stomach Acid and Pepsin Secretion

One of the primary causes of duodenal ulcers is the overproduction of stomach acid and pepsin. When individuals consume spicy, acidic, or otherwise irritating foods, it can stimulate the stomach to produce more acid. This excess acid can flow into the duodenum and damage its delicate lining, leading to ulcer formation.

Infection with Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered one of the most significant causes of duodenal ulcers. Studies show that over 90% of patients with duodenal ulcers test positive for this bacterium. H. pylori weakens the protective mucous layer of the duodenum, making it more vulnerable to damage from stomach acid.

Use of Certain Medications

Several commonly used medications can increase the risk of developing a duodenal ulcer. These include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, as well as blood thinners like clopidogrel (Plavix). These drugs can irritate the stomach and duodenal lining and reduce the body's ability to protect and repair these tissues.

Impaired Mucosal Repair Mechanisms

The body's ability to repair the mucosal lining of the duodenum plays a crucial role in preventing ulcers. As people age, their mucosal repair function may decline. Additionally, conditions such as poor blood flow or low oxygen levels can impair the healing process, making the intestinal lining more susceptible to injury and ulceration.

Other Contributing Lifestyle Factors

Unhealthy lifestyle choices can also contribute to the development of duodenal ulcers. Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption have been linked to increased stomach acid production and damage to the digestive tract. Moreover, being in a constant state of stress or anxiety can trigger physiological changes that weaken the body's defenses against ulcer formation.