Duodenal Ulcer Surgery: Understanding Postoperative Complications

While most duodenal ulcers can be effectively treated with medical therapy, a small percentage of cases require surgical intervention. Surgery is typically reserved for patients experiencing severe complications such as uncontrolled bleeding, perforation, or scarring that leads to obstruction. The most common surgical procedure involves a partial gastrectomy, in which the affected portion of the stomach and the ulcer site are removed or bypassed.

Common Short-Term Surgical Complications

Following surgery for a duodenal ulcer, several immediate complications may arise. These include bleeding at the surgical site or from the remaining portion of the duodenum. Another potentially serious complication is a duodenal stump leak, which can lead to infection and further surgical intervention. Intestinal obstruction due to adhesions—scar tissue that forms between internal tissues and organs—is also a known risk after abdominal surgery.

Long-Term Risks and Nutritional Concerns

Digestive and Metabolic Complications

Patients who undergo partial gastrectomy may experience long-term side effects such as dumping syndrome. This condition occurs when food moves too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine, causing symptoms like nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and dizziness after eating. Another possible complication is the development of internal hernias, which can lead to bowel obstruction and require additional surgical treatment.

Nutritional Deficiencies

Removal of a portion of the stomach can interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients. Specifically, patients may develop deficiencies in vitamin B12 and iron due to reduced production of intrinsic factor and changes in the digestive process. These deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia or iron-deficiency anemia, making long-term nutritional monitoring and supplementation crucial for postoperative care.