Peptic Ulcers: Understanding Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers

Peptic ulcers refer to sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. These ulcers commonly cause abdominal pain and discomfort, with additional symptoms including acid reflux, heartburn, belching, and bloating. Below is a detailed explanation of the two main types of peptic ulcers:

Stomach Ulcers

Stomach ulcers, or gastric ulcers, occur when the protective lining of the stomach is damaged due to various harmful factors. This damage typically affects the mucous membrane, submucosal layer, or even the muscular layer of the stomach wall. Most gastric ulcers are found in the antrum and angularis regions of the stomach. In comparison, ulcers located in the body or fundus of the stomach are relatively rare. The primary cause includes infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), but other factors such as excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), poor dietary habits, and stress may also contribute to their development.

Duodenal Ulcers

Duodenal ulcers primarily occur in the duodenal bulb, which is the uppermost section of the small intestine. Around 80% of these ulcers are linked to H. pylori infection, which weakens the intestinal lining and allows stomach acid to cause damage. Other contributing factors include long-term use of NSAIDs, antiplatelet medications, and pain relievers such as aspirin, clopidogrel, ibuprofen, and celecoxib. When harmful agents persist, they can damage the mucosal and submucosal layers of the duodenum, leading to symptoms like sharp abdominal pain, especially between meals or at night.

Common Symptoms of Peptic Ulcers

While the most typical symptom is a burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen, many patients also experience additional signs such as nausea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and discomfort after eating. In severe cases, complications like bleeding, perforation, or obstruction may occur, requiring immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis and Treatment

If you suspect you have a peptic ulcer, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis. Doctors may use tests such as endoscopy, blood tests, stool tests, or breath tests to confirm the presence of H. pylori. Treatment often includes a combination of antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid, and lifestyle modifications to promote healing and prevent recurrence.

By understanding the causes and symptoms of stomach and duodenal ulcers, individuals can take proactive steps to manage their condition and improve their overall digestive health.