How to Deal with Small Kidney Stones

Kidney stones can vary in size and severity, and the approach to treatment often depends on their dimensions and location within the urinary tract. Smaller stones, typically those under 0.6 cm, may pass naturally through the urine without requiring medical intervention. However, this process can sometimes be accompanied by intense pain, known as renal colic. This discomfort usually occurs when the stone moves into the ureter, causing spasms and irritation that lead to sharp, cramping pain in the back and side.

As the stone travels down the ureter, it may also cause hematuria (blood in the urine), which is often visible to the naked eye. In some cases, when the stone reaches the lower part of the ureter near the bladder, it can trigger symptoms similar to a urinary tract infection. These may include frequent urination, urgency, and a burning sensation during urination.

For stones that are slightly larger—particularly those exceeding 1 cm in diameter—natural passage becomes less likely. In such cases, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is often recommended to break the stone into smaller fragments that can then be passed more easily. This non-invasive procedure uses high-energy shock waves to target and crush the stone.

However, if a stone becomes lodged in the ureter and causes complications such as ureteral dilation or kidney swelling (hydronephrosis), more advanced treatments may be necessary. Ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy is a common procedure used to remove stones stuck in the ureter. This involves inserting a small scope into the ureter to locate and break up the stone.

In rare cases where stones are tightly adhered to the ureteral wall or surrounded by scar tissue, open surgical removal or a minimally invasive procedure like percutaneous nephrolithotomy may be required. These methods are typically reserved for complex or large stones that do not respond to less invasive treatments.

Ultimately, the appropriate treatment for kidney stones depends on their size, location, and composition, as well as the patient's overall health and symptoms. Consulting with a urologist is essential to determine the best course of action and avoid potential complications.