Adrenal Tumor Symptoms and Their Impact on the Body

Adrenal tumors can cause a wide range of symptoms, largely depending on their location and whether they are functional—that is, whether they produce hormones. The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones, while the adrenal medulla produces adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Tumors in different parts of the adrenal gland can lead to various diseases and clinical manifestations, with primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, and pheochromocytoma being the most common.

Common Symptoms of Adrenal Tumors

Primary Aldosteronism
This condition is often caused by a tumor in the adrenal cortex's glomerulosa zone. It typically presents with high blood pressure, muscle weakness, and low potassium levels. About 70% of patients experience persistent hypokalemia, while the remaining 30% may have intermittent symptoms. Other signs include irritability, excessive thirst, frequent urination—especially at night—and increased fluid intake.

Cushing's Syndrome
This syndrome is usually due to a tumor in the adrenal cortex's reticularis zone. Key symptoms include central obesity, a round "moon face," and a fatty hump on the back of the neck and shoulders, known as a "buffalo hump." Patients may also develop thin skin, stretch marks in the abdominal area and thighs, high blood pressure, fatigue, and musculoskeletal pain. Women may experience menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea, along with signs of osteoporosis.

Pheochromocytoma and Catecholamine Excess
A tumor in the adrenal medulla can lead to excessive production of catecholamines, causing symptoms such as sustained high blood pressure with episodes of extreme spikes. Patients often report headaches, dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, blurred vision, anxiety, and nervousness.

Sex Hormone-Related Disorders
Adrenal tumors that produce sex hormones can lead to conditions such as early puberty with genital enlargement, female pseudohermaphroditism, or virilization in women, including facial hair growth and deepening of the voice.

Signs of Malignant Adrenal Tumors
In cases of adrenal cancer, patients may experience unexplained weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, and night sweats. These symptoms are often associated with more advanced or aggressive tumors.

If you experience any of these symptoms, especially persistent high blood pressure, unusual weight changes, or hormonal imbalances, it's important to consult a healthcare professional. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies and endocrine testing, while a definitive diagnosis requires a pathological examination. Early detection and treatment significantly improve outcomes for patients with adrenal tumors.