Treatment Options for Gastric Neuroendocrine Tumors

Gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of diseases that originate from neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. Based on histological and pathological characteristics, these tumors are classified into four main types, each requiring a different treatment approach.

Endoscopic treatment is often effective for early-stage tumors, particularly small lesions less than 1 cm in size. These low-grade (G1) tumors are typically localized and can be removed using minimally invasive techniques. This approach reduces recovery time and avoids the need for open surgery.

In contrast, larger tumors exceeding 2 cm or those that have invaded the muscular layer or blood vessels require more aggressive management. For these cases, surgical resection is considered the standard treatment. Surgery helps prevent further spread and offers a better chance for long-term survival.

One aggressive subtype, gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma, is associated with more severe symptoms and a poorer prognosis. Patients may initially experience digestive discomfort, abdominal pain, or bloating, which can progress to systemic symptoms like fatigue and weight loss. Similar to gastric adenocarcinoma, surgical intervention is often the most effective therapy for this subtype.

Another unique category of gastric NETs involves tumors that secrete biologically active hormones. These functional tumors can cause distinct clinical syndromes depending on the hormone they produce. Patients may experience symptoms such as diarrhea, hypoglycemia, or hyperglycemia. Identifying the specific hormone involved is crucial for tailoring the appropriate treatment strategy.