What Is Bile Reflux Gastritis

Bile reflux gastritis occurs when bile flows back from the small intestine into the stomach, causing inflammation of the stomach lining. This condition can be classified as either acute or chronic, and may involve different types of gastric inflammation such as superficial or atrophic gastritis. In a healthy digestive system, bile is produced by the liver and transported through a series of ducts before being stored in the gallbladder or released directly into the intestines. During digestion, the gallbladder contracts and the sphincter of Oddi opens, allowing bile to enter the small intestine to aid in the breakdown of fats and proteins.

Bile contains several important components, including bile salts, cholesterol, and bile acids, which play a key role in digestion. However, when bile abnormally flows backward through the pylorus into the stomach, it can damage the gastric mucosa. Unlike the intestinal lining, the stomach lining lacks protective mechanisms against bile's detergent-like properties, which can lead to irritation and inflammation.

The severity of bile reflux gastritis depends on the frequency and volume of bile exposure, as well as the strength of the stomach's natural defenses. Many individuals may not be aware they have bile reflux, especially if symptoms are mild. However, those who have had gallbladder surgery or suffer from gallstones may experience more noticeable symptoms such as heartburn, a bitter taste in the mouth, or dryness in the throat. Diagnosis is typically made through endoscopy, where yellowish staining in the stomach fluid indicates the presence of bile.

During an endoscopic examination, doctors may observe bile flowing from the duodenum into the stomach, especially when viewing the pyloric area. This, combined with visible signs of gastric inflammation, confirms the diagnosis of bile reflux gastritis. Early detection and management are important to prevent long-term damage to the stomach lining and improve quality of life.