What Is the Hepatitis B Virus

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the pathogen responsible for hepatitis B infection. It is a DNA virus that, in some cases, can persist in the human body for many years. HBV is present in infected blood and bodily fluids and can be transmitted through several routes.

Transmission can occur from mother to child, including during pregnancy, around the time of birth, or after delivery. This vertical transmission is a major cause of chronic hepatitis B infections worldwide.

Bloodborne transmission is another common route. The virus is highly concentrated in the blood, and even a small amount of contaminated blood entering the body can lead to infection. This can happen through blood transfusions, injections, surgeries, acupuncture, or by sharing personal items such as razors or toothbrushes. However, the widespread use of disposable medical equipment has significantly reduced the risk of healthcare-related transmission.

Sexual contact is also a known transmission method. Engaging in unprotected sex with an HBV-positive individual increases the risk of infection, especially for those with multiple sexual partners.

Prevention through vaccination is highly effective. The hepatitis B vaccine is now part of routine immunization programs in many countries. Infants typically receive the vaccine at birth, again at one month of age, and a final dose at six months to ensure full protection.

By understanding the transmission routes and taking preventive measures, especially through timely vaccination, the spread of hepatitis B can be significantly reduced.