What Does a Positive Hepatitis C Antibody Test Mean?

Hepatitis C antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). These antibodies can appear after a person contracts the virus and the body begins to mount an immune response. In most cases, the presence of these antibodies indicates either a current or past infection with HCV.

When a hepatitis C antibody test returns a negative result, it typically means that the person has not been exposed to the virus. However, if the test is positive, it may indicate a chronic infection or a previous exposure to the hepatitis C virus. It's important to note that antibodies can remain in the bloodstream even after the body has cleared the virus on its own.

To determine whether the infection is active, doctors usually recommend a follow-up test known as the HCV RNA test. This test detects whether the virus is currently replicating in the body. If the HCV RNA test is positive and liver enzymes such as ALT and AST are elevated, it suggests active liver damage, and treatment may be necessary.

In such cases, patients may be prescribed antiviral therapy, such as recombinant human interferon alpha 1b injections, for a duration of 6 to 12 months. With proper medical care, many patients can achieve a sustained virologic response, meaning the virus becomes undetectable in the blood.

Additionally, symptoms like an enlarged spleen, fluid buildup in the abdomen, or gastrointestinal bleeding should be evaluated by a healthcare professional immediately. These signs may indicate advanced liver disease and require prompt medical attention and inpatient treatment.