How Hepatitis B Is Transmitted

Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Understanding how it spreads is crucial for prevention and public health awareness. Below are the main transmission routes of hepatitis B:

Bloodborne Transmission
One of the most common ways hepatitis B spreads is through contact with infected blood. The virus can survive outside the body for up to seven days and still be capable of causing infection. Bloodborne transmission often occurs through unsterilized medical or dental equipment, tattoo and piercing tools, or shared personal items like razors and toothbrushes. Even microscopic amounts of blood—just 0.01 mL—can carry enough virus to cause infection.

Vertical Transmission
Another significant route is from mother to child during childbirth. This type of transmission, known as vertical transmission, is particularly common in regions with high rates of hepatitis B. Infected mothers can pass the virus to their newborns, which is why screening during pregnancy and early vaccination are essential.

Sexual Transmission
Hepatitis B can also be transmitted through sexual contact. The virus is present in bodily fluids such as semen and vaginal secretions. Unprotected sex with an infected partner increases the risk of transmission, especially if there are open sores or cuts on the skin or mucous membranes.

Prevention Tips
To reduce the risk of hepatitis B infection, it's important to get vaccinated, avoid sharing personal care items, use protection during sexual activity, and ensure that any medical or cosmetic procedures involving needles are performed with sterile equipment.

Understanding these transmission methods can help individuals make informed decisions and take appropriate precautions to protect themselves and others from hepatitis B.