Common Causes of Viral Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is primarily caused by a group of viruses known as hepatotropic viruses, which specifically target the liver. These include hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). Each of these viruses has a distinct mode of transmission and clinical outcome.

Among these, hepatitis A and hepatitis E are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route, meaning they spread via contaminated food or water. These viruses can be present in the feces of infected individuals and can easily contaminate water sources, vegetables, or seafood. Once ingested, they can cause infection through the digestive tract. Infections with HAV or HEV usually result in acute hepatitis, although in some cases—especially with HEV—they can lead to severe liver damage or even liver failure. This is particularly true for elderly individuals and pregnant women, who are at higher risk of developing acute liver failure after contracting hepatitis E.

In contrast, hepatitis B, C, and D are primarily transmitted through blood, sexual contact, or from mother to child during birth. Hepatitis D is unique in that it can only occur in the presence of hepatitis B. Without an existing HBV infection, HDV cannot effectively replicate or cause disease. These three types of viral hepatitis can manifest as either acute or chronic infections. Chronic hepatitis B and C can progress to serious liver conditions, including cirrhosis, making early detection and treatment crucial for long-term health outcomes.