Basic Pathological Changes of Viral Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis is a common liver disease that primarily includes hepatitis A, B, C, and E. These infections can lead to a range of liver damage, depending on the type of virus and the duration of the infection. Understanding the basic pathological changes associated with viral hepatitis is essential for early detection and effective treatment.

Acute and Chronic Inflammation of the Liver

One of the most common features of viral hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. This can occur in both acute and chronic forms. The inflammation can cause swelling, damage, and even death of liver cells, which may impair liver function over time.

Massive Liver Cell Necrosis in Acute Hepatitis

In cases of acute hepatitis, large areas of liver tissue can become damaged or die off. This extensive necrosis can, in severe cases, result in liver failure, which is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical attention.

Focal Necrosis in Chronic Hepatitis

Chronic hepatitis is most commonly associated with hepatitis B and C. In mild cases, liver damage may appear as scattered areas of cell death, particularly around the edges of liver lobules. These areas may also show signs of cellular swelling and degeneration.

Progression to Piecemeal Necrosis

As the disease progresses, the areas of necrosis can become more frequent and closely packed. When these damaged regions begin to merge, it is referred to as piecemeal necrosis — a more advanced stage of liver injury.

Bridge Necrosis in Severe Hepatitis

In severe cases, especially when piecemeal necrosis worsens, the liver may develop what is known as bridging necrosis. This occurs when dead liver cells connect between two liver lobules, indicating extensive liver damage and a higher risk of long-term complications such as cirrhosis or liver cancer.