Main Transmission Routes of Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D, also known as delta hepatitis, is a unique viral infection that can only occur in the presence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV). This is because the Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus that requires the surface antigen of HBV to form its outer shell and complete its life cycle. Therefore, the transmission routes of Hepatitis D are the same as those of Hepatitis B. Below are the primary ways it spreads:

BOod transfusion is a major route of transmission. One of the most common ways Hepatitis D spreads is through contaminated blood or blood products. For example, if a person with Hepatitis D donates blood and the infection is not detected in time, the recipient may become infected. However, it's important to note that HDV cannot replicate on its own without the presence of HBV. This means that while HDV may enter the body, it can only establish an infection if HBV is already present or contracts at the same time.

Medical procedures can also pose a risk if proper infection control is not followed. Practices such as acupuncture, intravenous blood draws, or the use of unsterilized needles can lead to transmission if equipment is reused or not properly sanitized. These procedures can transfer infected blood from one person to another, especially in settings where infection control protocols are not strictly followed.

Mother-to-child transmission during childbirth is another important route. If a mother is infected with both HBV and HDV, she can pass both viruses to her baby during delivery. This is why early screening for Hepatitis B and D is crucial for pregnant women, especially in high-risk populations.

Sosexual contact can also contribute to the spread of Hepatitis D. Although less common than bloodborne transmission, unprotected sexual activity with an infected partner increases the risk of contracting both Hepatitis B and D. This is particularly true for individuals with multiple sexual partners or those engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors.

In summary, Hepatitis D cannot exist independently and always co-occurs with Hepatitis B. Preventing Hepatitis B through vaccination is currently the most effective way to prevent Hepatitis D infection. Practicing safe sex, avoiding shared needles, and ensuring proper sterilization of medical equipment are also essential steps in reducing the risk of transmission.