Can Fatty Liver Cause Elevated Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels?

Fatty liver disease is generally not associated with increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). This condition develops when excess energy from dietary carbohydrates and fats accumulates in the liver, leading to the formation of fatty deposits. This can manifest as either simple fatty liver or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), depending on the presence of inflammation and liver cell damage.

Fatty liver does not directly influence AFP levels, as this protein is primarily produced by the fetal liver and can also be secreted by certain types of cancer cells in adults. In most cases of fatty liver disease, AFP levels remain within the normal range, which is typically defined as 0–7 μg/L.

Elevated AFP levels are more commonly linked to liver cancer or germ cell tumors, such as those affecting the reproductive system. While a slight increase in AFP may not be clinically significant, it is important to monitor any changes over time. If AFP levels rise sharply or reach high values within a short period, further diagnostic imaging such as liver MRI is recommended.

If no liver tumors are detected, other possible sources of elevated AFP should be explored, including conditions affecting the reproductive organs. Regular follow-up and comprehensive evaluation are key to identifying the underlying cause of any abnormal AFP readings.

It is crucial to distinguish between benign liver conditions and malignancies, especially when managing patients with metabolic disorders or chronic liver diseases. Understanding the relationship between AFP levels and various health conditions can aid in early detection and appropriate medical intervention.