Fatty Liver Disease Explained

Fatty liver disease refers to a condition where fat accumulates in the liver cells, gradually replacing normal liver tissue. In mild cases, only a few isolated or scattered liver cells are affected by fat buildup. However, in more severe cases, a majority of liver cells may be overtaken by fat deposits. This condition is commonly seen in overweight or obese individuals and is known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Another form, called alcoholic fatty liver disease, is associated with long-term excessive alcohol consumption. People with diabetes are also at higher risk due to metabolic imbalances involving sugar and fat, which can lead to fatty liver complications.

Fatty liver can exist without any noticeable liver function abnormalities, a stage referred to as simple fatty liver. However, in some cases, the condition progresses to liver cell damage and inflammation, marked by elevated levels of liver enzymes such as ALT and AST in the blood. This stage is known as fatty liver hepatitis.

When liver cells die, the body attempts to repair the damage by regenerating healthy tissue. However, repeated injury can lead to the formation of fibrous scar tissue, a process known as liver fibrosis. Over time, this scarring can progress to cirrhosis, where the liver forms abnormal structures called regenerative nodules or pseudolobules. This progression is often described as the "three-stage progression" of fatty liver disease: fatty liver, fatty hepatitis, and finally, cirrhosis.

To diagnose and assess the severity of fatty liver disease, imaging techniques such as ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used. A CT scan is particularly effective in determining the degree of fat accumulation, classifying it as mild, moderate, or severe. These diagnostic tools also help monitor the effectiveness of treatment strategies over time. Early detection and lifestyle changes can significantly improve outcomes for individuals at risk of developing more serious liver complications.