How to Detect Liver Cancer

Liver cancer can be identified through various imaging techniques and medical assessments. In its early stages, liver cancer often presents no clear symptoms, and many individuals may not experience any discomfort. However, some patients may report symptoms such as liver pain, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, jaundice, or abdominal fluid buildup (ascites). These signs, while not always present, can be key indicators when they do occur.

If liver cancer is suspected, doctors typically begin with non-invasive imaging tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These tools help visualize the liver and detect abnormal growths or changes in liver tissue. In China, liver cancer is commonly associated with chronic hepatitis B infection and cirrhosis following hepatitis B. For individuals with a history of chronic liver disease, a combination of these imaging tests—especially contrast-enhanced CT or MRI—can often lead to a clear diagnosis.

In addition to imaging, blood tests for tumor markers play a crucial role in detection. Two of the most specific markers for liver cancer are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II). Significantly elevated levels of both markers can strongly suggest the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma. When imaging and blood tests are inconclusive, a liver biopsy may be recommended. This procedure, considered the gold standard for diagnosis, involves using a needle guided by CT or ultrasound to extract tissue from the suspicious area for laboratory analysis.

Regular screening is especially important for high-risk individuals, including those with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Early detection through routine check-ups can significantly improve treatment outcomes and survival rates.