Liver Cancer Diagnosis: Essential Tests and Procedures

When it comes to confirming a liver cancer diagnosis, a combination of laboratory tests and imaging procedures plays a crucial role. These diagnostic tools help doctors evaluate the presence and characteristics of liver tumors. Below are the primary methods used in liver cancer diagnosis:

1. Tumor Marker Blood Tests

Tumor markers such as Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), CA19-9, and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) are commonly used in liver cancer evaluation. Elevated levels of these markers can provide valuable clues about the presence of primary or metastatic liver cancer. However, it's important to note that normal marker levels do not completely rule out liver cancer, as some tumors may not produce detectable amounts of these substances.

2. Imaging Examinations

Imaging tests are considered the most critical tools in liver cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound is often the first imaging method used due to its accessibility and non-invasive nature. However, for atypical cases, contrast-enhanced ultrasound may be necessary to observe the blood flow characteristics of the tumor. Many clinicians prefer contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scans, as these tests allow for dynamic visualization of tumor size, number, and vascular patterns—key factors in confirming liver cancer.

3. Advanced Diagnostic Options

For difficult or inconclusive cases, additional tests like PET-CT scans may be recommended. These provide detailed metabolic information about the tumor. In some situations, an ultrasound-guided biopsy may be performed to obtain a tissue sample. Histopathological analysis of the biopsy remains the most definitive method for diagnosing liver cancer with certainty.