How to Diagnose Stomach Cancer

Endoscopy is one of the most effective methods for diagnosing stomach cancer. During this procedure, a doctor inserts a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the stomach through the mouth. If any abnormal areas are detected, the physician will examine their size, shape, and characteristics—such as whether they are flat, ulcerated, or bleeding. A biopsy is usually performed during the exam, where small tissue samples are collected from suspicious areas. Typically, at least four samples are taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells. This method is preferred due to its high accuracy, minimal invasiveness, and direct visualization of the stomach lining.

In cases where endoscopy isn't possible, abdominal fluid analysis may be used. Some patients may not be suitable candidates for endoscopy due to medical conditions or other limitations. If these individuals have ascites—fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity—doctors may extract a sample of the fluid to look for cancer cells. While not as definitive as a biopsy, this test can still provide valuable diagnostic information.

Lymph node biopsy is another diagnostic tool, particularly when there are signs of cancer spread. For example, if a patient has enlarged lymph nodes in the left supraclavicular area—a common site for gastric cancer to spread—a biopsy can be performed. If malignant cells are identified in the lymph node tissue, it can confirm the diagnosis of stomach cancer and help determine the stage of the disease.

These diagnostic strategies are often used in combination to provide a comprehensive evaluation and ensure an accurate diagnosis. Early detection plays a crucial role in improving treatment outcomes for patients with gastric cancer.