Acute Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Treatment Approaches

Acute glomerulonephritis, commonly referred to as acute nephritis, is a sudden inflammation of the glomeruli—the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This condition typically arises following a bacterial infection, most often triggered by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. It frequently develops about 1 to 3 weeks after an upper respiratory tract infection, such as strep throat or tonsillitis.

Understanding the Primary Causes

Infections are the leading cause of acute glomerulonephritis, with post-streptococcal cases being the most prevalent, especially in children and young adults. The immune system's response to the infection leads to the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli, causing inflammation and impaired kidney function. Less commonly, other infections like skin infections (e.g., impetigo) or certain viral illnesses may also contribute to the development of this condition.

Recognizing Common Symptoms

The hallmark signs of acute glomerulonephritis include visible hematuria (blood in the urine), which can make urine appear cola- or tea-colored. Patients often experience proteinuria, where excess protein leaks into the urine, sometimes resulting in foamy urine. Additional symptoms include:

• Swelling (edema), particularly around the eyes, face, hands, and feet
• Elevated blood pressure (hypertension)
• Reduced urine output (oliguria)
• General fatigue and malaise

Potential Complications

While many individuals recover fully, a small percentage may develop complications, including acute kidney injury. This can be marked by rising serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. In rare cases, patients might require temporary dialysis if severe fluid overload or electrolyte imbalances occur.

Treatment and Recovery Strategies

The cornerstone of managing acute glomerulonephritis involves supportive care rather than aggressive intervention. Key treatment approaches include:

• Rest: Bed rest is strongly recommended during the acute phase to reduce strain on the kidneys.
• Infection control: If an active infection is present, antibiotics—such as penicillin—are prescribed to eliminate residual bacteria.
• Blood pressure management: Antihypertensive medications, particularly ACE inhibitors or ARBs, help control hypertension and reduce proteinuria.
• Fluid and nutritional support: Monitoring fluid intake and providing balanced nutrition supports recovery and prevents complications like edema or electrolyte disturbances.

Prognosis and Long-Term Outlook

Most patients recover completely within several weeks to months, especially children, without long-term kidney damage. Follow-up urine tests and blood pressure monitoring are essential to ensure full resolution. Chronic kidney disease is rare but more likely in older adults or those with delayed diagnosis.

In summary, acute glomerulonephritis is a treatable kidney condition primarily caused by post-infectious immune responses. Early recognition of symptoms, timely medical care, and proper rest significantly improve outcomes and prevent complications. Awareness and prompt action are key to ensuring a full recovery.