Treatment Options for Acute Glomerulonephritis: Understanding Causes, Management, and Prevention

Acute glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition of the kidneys, typically triggered by a prior streptococcal infection. This condition most commonly develops about 1–2 weeks after an upper respiratory tract infection, although it can also follow skin infections (such as impetigo) or gastrointestinal infections. The body's immune response mistakenly targets the glomeruli—tiny filtering units in the kidneys—leading to inflammation and impaired kidney function.

Recognizing the Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms often include visible blood in the urine (hematuria), foamy urine due to protein loss, swelling (edema) in the face, hands, or feet, and elevated blood pressure. Some patients may also experience fatigue, reduced urine output, and mild fever. Diagnosis is confirmed through urinalysis, blood tests assessing kidney function (like serum creatinine and BUN), and sometimes a kidney biopsy in unclear cases.

Primary Treatment Approaches

The cornerstone of managing acute glomerulonephritis involves supportive care and symptom control. Complete bed rest during the acute phase helps reduce strain on the kidneys and supports recovery. Patients are advised to limit physical exertion until signs of inflammation subside and laboratory values stabilize.

Managing Fluid Retention and Edema

Swelling caused by fluid retention is common. Physicians often prescribe diuretics to help eliminate excess fluid, reduce edema, and improve overall comfort. Monitoring daily weight and fluid intake is essential to prevent complications like pulmonary edema.

Controlling High Blood Pressure

Hypertension is a frequent complication and must be carefully managed to protect both kidney and cardiovascular health. Antihypertensive medications, particularly ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are commonly used—not only to lower blood pressure but also to reduce proteinuria and provide renal protection.

Addressing the Underlying Infection

If an active infection site persists—such as a streptococcal throat or skin infection—prompt antibiotic therapy (typically penicillin or an alternative for those allergic) is critical. Early treatment helps prevent further immune activation and limits kidney damage.

Long-Term Outlook and Recovery

Most children and many adults recover fully with timely and appropriate care. However, close monitoring is necessary to detect any progression to chronic kidney disease. Follow-up includes regular urine tests, blood pressure checks, and kidney function assessments over several months.

Preventive Strategies for At-Risk Individuals

Preventing acute glomerulonephritis starts with minimizing the risk of streptococcal infections. Maintaining good hygiene, seeking prompt treatment for sore throats, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals are key steps. For those with recurrent tonsillitis or frequent strep throat episodes, tonsillectomy may be recommended to reduce the frequency of infections that could trigger kidney inflammation.

Additionally, adopting a healthy lifestyle—including balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, regular exercise, and stress management—supports overall immune resilience and reduces susceptibility to infections. Staying proactive about health not only lowers the risk of glomerulonephritis but also promotes long-term well-being.