What Tests Are Used to Diagnose Glomerulonephritis?

Understanding Glomerulonephritis and Its Diagnostic Approach

Glomerulonephritis is a type of kidney disease that involves inflammation of the glomeruli — the tiny filtering units in the kidneys responsible for removing waste and excess fluids from the blood. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial to prevent long-term kidney damage. Medical professionals use a combination of laboratory tests and imaging studies to evaluate kidney function and identify signs of inflammation or structural abnormalities.

Key Diagnostic Tests for Glomerulonephritis

To confirm a diagnosis and determine the underlying cause, doctors typically recommend a comprehensive evaluation that includes urine analysis, blood testing, and advanced imaging techniques. These assessments help assess both functional and anatomical aspects of kidney health.

1. Urinalysis: Detecting Early Signs in Urine

Urinalysis is one of the first-line diagnostic tools used to detect abnormalities associated with glomerulonephritis. This test evaluates several key markers, including protein levels (particularly albumin), the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and the presence of red blood cells, which may indicate glomerular damage. Additional parameters such as urine specific gravity, glucose, amino acids, and pH levels are also analyzed to assess overall kidney function and rule out other conditions.

Persistent proteinuria or hematuria detected through urinalysis often prompts further investigation, especially when accompanied by symptoms like swelling, high blood pressure, or reduced urine output.

2. Blood Tests: Assessing Systemic and Metabolic Health

Blood work plays a vital role in evaluating how well the kidneys are functioning. Key components measured include serum albumin levels, which may be low due to protein loss in urine, and lipid profiles, which can show elevated cholesterol — a common finding in nephrotic syndrome associated with certain types of glomerulonephritis.

In addition, comprehensive metabolic panels check electrolyte balance, including calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium levels. Abnormalities in these values can reflect impaired kidney filtration and help guide treatment decisions. Creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are also assessed to determine the stage of kidney disease.

3. Imaging Studies: Visualizing Kidney Structure

Imaging tests provide valuable insights into the physical condition of the kidneys. The most commonly used methods include renal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scans. These non-invasive procedures allow physicians to examine kidney size, cortical thickness, and the distinction between the cortex and medulla.

Doppler ultrasound can also assess blood flow within the kidneys, helping to identify vascular complications. CT imaging offers higher resolution and is particularly useful when structural abnormalities, tumors, or obstructions need to be ruled out. While imaging alone cannot confirm glomerulonephritis, it supports diagnosis by excluding other potential causes of kidney dysfunction.

Conclusion: A Multifaceted Diagnostic Strategy

Diagnosing glomerulonephritis requires a thorough and integrated approach combining clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and imaging. Early detection through these methods enables timely intervention, improving outcomes and preserving kidney function. If you experience symptoms such as foamy urine, swelling in the face or limbs, or unexplained fatigue, consult a healthcare provider for proper assessment and management.