Ulcerative Colitis Explained: Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that primarily affects the inner lining of the colon and rectum. It is characterized by the development of ulcers and inflammation in the mucosal layer, which can lead to symptoms such as rectal bleeding, abdominal discomfort, and changes in bowel habits.

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis remains unclear, but it is commonly associated with infections from various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia, fungi, and candida. In addition, it is frequently linked to autoimmune disorders, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the gastrointestinal tract.

This condition typically affects the left side of the colon, including the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and upper rectum. One of the hallmark signs is recurrent lower left abdominal pain and bloating. Patients may also experience alternating episodes of diarrhea and constipation, with stools often appearing coated in pus or blood. Other common symptoms include fatigue, fever, and unintended weight loss.

If these symptoms persist, prompt medical evaluation is essential. A colonoscopy is often recommended to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other serious conditions such as colorectal cancer. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing the disease effectively and improving quality of life.