Ulcerative Colitis: Symptoms and Treatment Options

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition that primarily affects the colon and rectum. It is characterized by recurring episodes of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and a persistent urge to empty the bowels even after doing so, often referred to as tenesmus. Patients commonly experience stools containing mucus, pus, or blood, and relief from abdominal discomfort typically follows bowel movements. In more severe cases, symptoms may extend beyond the digestive tract, including nausea, vomiting, and fever.

Managing ulcerative colitis involves a comprehensive approach aimed at reducing inflammation, relieving symptoms, and maintaining remission. Staying hydrated is crucial, especially during flare-ups, as diarrhea can lead to fluid and electrolyte loss. In some cases, intravenous fluids may be necessary to prevent dehydration. Medications are a cornerstone of treatment, with aminosalicylates like mesalamine being commonly prescribed to control inflammation in mild to moderate cases.

During acute flares, corticosteroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone may be used to quickly reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. However, these drugs are generally not recommended for long-term use due to potential side effects. For patients with severe ulcerative colitis or those who develop serious complications—such as toxic megacolon, massive bleeding, or bowel perforation—surgical intervention may be required.

In addition to medical therapy, lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and stress management, can play a supportive role in managing the disease. Regular follow-ups with a gastroenterologist are essential to monitor disease progression and adjust treatment plans accordingly. Early diagnosis and consistent management significantly improve the quality of life for individuals living with ulcerative colitis.