Necrotizing Enterocolitis In Newborns: Causes And Risk Factors

Necrotizing enterocolitis, commonly known as NEC, is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants. It involves inflammation and tissue death in the intestines and can lead to life-threatening complications if not managed promptly.

Immature Intestinal Development
One of the main reasons NEC occurs in newborns, especially preterm babies, is due to underdeveloped digestive systems. The intestinal lining in these infants is fragile and more susceptible to injury. Additionally, an unstable gut microbiome can lead to bacterial imbalances, increasing the risk of infection and inflammation.

Infections From Specific Bacteria
Infections play a significant role in the development of NEC. Among the various pathogens involved, Klebsiella is frequently associated with this condition. Other harmful bacteria can also colonize the immature gut, leading to severe intestinal infections that trigger inflammatory responses and tissue damage.

Reduced Blood Flow To The Intestines
Perinatal or postnatal asphyxia—meaning a lack of oxygen supply during or shortly after birth—can significantly impact blood circulation to the intestines. This reduced blood flow results in ischemia (lack of oxygen) in the intestinal tissues, weakening the mucosal barrier and making the bowel more vulnerable to necrosis.

Nutritional And Medical Interventions
Certain medical practices such as blood transfusions or the initiation of enteral feeding can sometimes be linked to the onset of NEC symptoms. While these interventions are often necessary for the survival of preterm infants, they must be carefully monitored to reduce gastrointestinal stress and prevent complications.

The Role Of Feeding Practices
Improper feeding choices can further increase the likelihood of developing NEC. Formulas with high osmolarity, such as some cow's milk-based products, may irritate the delicate intestinal lining in newborns. For this reason, healthcare providers strongly recommend breastfeeding, as breast milk supports healthy gut development and provides protective immune factors that reduce infection risks.