Can Nephritis Be Transmitted From Person to Person?

Nephritis, a condition characterized by inflammation of the kidneys, is not contagious and cannot be passed from one individual to another. Unlike infectious diseases, nephritis arises from internal physiological disruptions rather than external pathogens. This means you don't need to worry about catching it through close contact, shared spaces, or bodily fluids.

Understanding the Causes of Nephritis

The development of nephritis is typically linked to a range of underlying factors that damage kidney tissue over time. These include infections (especially streptococcal), autoimmune disorders, prolonged use of certain medications, genetic predispositions, and environmental triggers. While an initial infection might spark the onset in some cases, the resulting kidney inflammation itself does not spread between people.

Common Clinical Symptoms of Kidney Inflammation

Patients with nephritis often exhibit a cluster of telltale signs, including hematuria (blood in the urine), proteinuria (excess protein in the urine), swelling in the legs, face, or hands due to fluid retention, persistent high blood pressure, and declining kidney function. These symptoms usually develop gradually and may vary in severity depending on the type and progression of the disease.

Types of Glomerular Diseases Associated With Nephritis

In most cases, nephritis affects the glomeruli—tiny filtering units within the kidneys—and is therefore referred to as glomerulonephritis. These conditions are broadly categorized into three main types: primary, secondary, and hereditary.

Primary Glomerulonephritis

Primary glomerulonephritis occurs when the cause of kidney inflammation remains unknown. It's considered idiopathic, meaning no direct link to another disease can be identified. Despite extensive testing, doctors may not pinpoint a specific trigger, but treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preserving kidney function.

Secondary Glomerulonephritis

Secondary forms arise as complications of systemic illnesses. For example, lupus nephritis develops in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus, while diabetic nephropathy results from long-term uncontrolled diabetes. In these cases, treating the underlying condition is essential to slow or halt kidney damage.

Hereditary Kidney Disorders

Certain types of nephritis are inherited due to gene mutations. A well-known example is Alport syndrome, which affects the structure of the glomerular basement membrane and often leads to progressive hearing loss, eye abnormalities, and chronic kidney disease. Genetic counseling and early screening are recommended for families with a history of such conditions.

Bilateral kidney involvement is common, meaning both kidneys are typically affected simultaneously. Early diagnosis through urine tests, blood work, imaging, and sometimes kidney biopsy plays a crucial role in preventing irreversible damage. With proper medical care, many patients can manage their condition effectively and maintain a good quality of life.