Common Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Nephritis: What You Need to Know
Chronic nephritis, also known as chronic glomerulonephritis, is a long-term kidney condition that develops slowly over time. It affects the glomeruli—the tiny filtering units in the kidneys—leading to impaired kidney function. Early detection is crucial to managing the disease and preventing further complications. While some individuals may remain asymptomatic for years, several key clinical signs often emerge as the condition progresses.
1. Hematuria: A Key Indicator of Kidney Inflammation
One of the most prominent features of chronic nephritis is hematuria, or blood in the urine. This can be categorized into two types: microscopic and gross (visible) hematuria. Microscopic hematuria means that red blood cells are present in the urine but not visible to the naked eye—only detectable through laboratory testing. On the other hand, gross hematuria causes noticeable changes in urine color, turning it pink, red, or even tea-colored. The presence of blood in the urine often signals damage to the kidney's filtration system and should always prompt medical evaluation.
2. Proteinuria: Excess Protein Leading to Foamy Urine
Proteinuria, or elevated levels of protein in the urine, is another hallmark of chronic nephritis. Normally, the kidneys prevent large proteins from leaking into the urine. However, when the glomeruli are damaged, this barrier breaks down, allowing protein to escape. A common sign of proteinuria is persistent foamy or bubbly urine, especially after urination. Over time, significant protein loss can lead to low blood protein levels and contribute to swelling in various parts of the body.
How Much Protein Is Too Much?
Small amounts of protein in the urine may be normal under certain conditions, such as fever or intense exercise. However, consistently high levels—especially above 150 mg per day—are considered abnormal and may indicate underlying kidney disease, including chronic nephritis.
3. Edema: Fluid Retention Due to Poor Kidney Function
Swelling, or edema, occurs when the kidneys fail to properly regulate fluid and sodium balance. Patients with chronic nephritis often experience puffiness in the face—particularly around the eyes in the morning—as well as swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet. This happens because excess fluid accumulates in tissues due to reduced blood protein levels (from protein loss) and decreased kidney efficiency.
When to Be Concerned About Swelling
While mild edema can result from prolonged standing or dietary salt intake, persistent or worsening swelling—especially when accompanied by other symptoms like fatigue or shortness of breath—should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
4. Hypertension: The Link Between Kidneys and Blood Pressure
High blood pressure, or hypertension, is both a cause and consequence of chronic kidney disease. In chronic nephritis, damaged kidneys struggle to regulate blood pressure, leading to what's known as renal hypertension. Uncontrolled hypertension can accelerate kidney damage, creating a dangerous cycle. Monitoring blood pressure regularly is essential for early diagnosis and effective management.
Why Controlling Blood Pressure Matters
Studies show that maintaining blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg can significantly slow the progression of kidney disease. Medications such as ACE inhibitors or ARBs are often prescribed not only to lower blood pressure but also to reduce proteinuria and protect kidney function.
5. Variable Kidney Function: From Normal to Impaired
In the early stages of chronic nephritis, kidney function may appear normal during routine tests. However, over time, many patients develop a gradual decline in kidney performance, reflected by rising creatinine levels and decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Some individuals may eventually progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or require dialysis if left untreated.
Regular Monitoring Is Key
Even if initial tests are normal, people diagnosed with chronic nephritis should undergo regular follow-ups, including urine analysis, blood pressure checks, and blood tests for kidney function. Early intervention improves long-term outcomes.
Summary: Recognizing the Core Symptoms
In summary, the primary manifestations of chronic nephritis include hematuria, proteinuria, edema, and hypertension, with or without evidence of declining kidney function. Among these, hematuria—especially when detected microscopically—is often a standout clue during diagnosis. Being aware of these signs allows for earlier medical consultation, accurate testing, and timely treatment to preserve kidney health and overall well-being.