Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis: What You Need to Know
Glomerulonephritis is a serious kidney condition that affects the glomeruli—tiny filtering units in the kidneys responsible for removing waste and excess fluids from the blood. When these structures become inflamed, it can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. Recognizing the early warning signs is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective management. This article explores the most common symptoms of glomerulonephritis, helping you understand when to seek medical attention.
1. Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)
One of the hallmark signs of glomerulonephritis is hematuria, or the presence of blood in the urine. In many cases, this is microscopic hematuria, meaning the red blood cells are only visible under a microscope during a routine urinalysis. Patients may not notice any changes in the color of their urine. However, in more advanced or severe cases, gross hematuria can occur, where the urine appears visibly pink, red, or even brown due to the presence of blood. This discoloration is often alarming and typically prompts individuals to consult a healthcare provider.
2. Proteinuria and Foamy Urine
Another key symptom is proteinuria, which refers to an abnormal amount of protein leaking into the urine. When protein levels rise, it can cause the urine to become excessively frothy or bubbly—a sign often mistaken for dehydration but actually linked to kidney dysfunction. A simple dipstick test during a standard urine analysis can confirm the presence of protein. Persistent proteinuria not only indicates kidney damage but may also contribute to further complications if left untreated.
Why Foamy Urine Matters
Foamy urine should never be ignored, especially if it occurs regularly. While occasional foam can be normal, consistent frothiness—particularly when accompanied by swelling or fatigue—may point to underlying glomerular disease. Over time, significant protein loss can lead to low blood protein levels, increasing the risk of edema and other systemic issues.
3. Edema: Swelling Due to Fluid Retention
Edema is a common physical manifestation of glomerulonephritis, primarily caused by the kidneys' reduced ability to regulate fluid balance. Early signs often include periorbital edema—swelling around the eyes, especially noticeable upon waking. As the condition progresses, fluid retention can spread, leading to swelling in the lower extremities (such as the legs and ankles) and eventually generalized body swelling.
The Link Between Kidney Function and Fluid Buildup
The damaged glomeruli allow essential proteins like albumin to escape into the urine, reducing oncotic pressure in the bloodstream. This imbalance causes fluid to leak into surrounding tissues, resulting in visible puffiness. Monitoring weight fluctuations and changes in sock or shoe tightness can help detect subtle increases in fluid accumulation.
4. High Blood Pressure and Related Symptoms
Hypertension is frequently associated with glomerulonephritis. The kidneys play a vital role in regulating blood pressure, so inflammation and impaired function can disrupt this balance. Many patients experience elevated readings, with systolic pressure exceeding 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg. Untreated high blood pressure can worsen kidney damage, creating a dangerous cycle.
Symptoms such as dizziness, persistent headaches, and blurred vision may accompany hypertension. These neurological signs should prompt immediate evaluation, as they could indicate hypertensive urgency or early signs of organ involvement.
5. Signs of Advanced Kidney Damage
If glomerulonephritis progresses without proper intervention, it can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) or even end-stage renal failure. Laboratory tests may reveal rising levels of waste products in the blood, including elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). These markers reflect declining kidney filtration capacity.
Patients in later stages might also report fatigue, nausea, decreased appetite, and difficulty concentrating—all stemming from the buildup of toxins normally removed by healthy kidneys. Early detection through regular screening can significantly improve long-term outcomes.
When to See a Doctor
Anyone experiencing unexplained changes in urination, persistent swelling, or consistently high blood pressure should consult a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis through urine tests, blood work, and sometimes a kidney biopsy allows for timely treatment, potentially slowing or halting disease progression.
Understanding the symptoms of glomerulonephritis empowers individuals to take charge of their kidney health. With awareness and proactive care, many complications can be prevented or managed effectively.