What Is Hypercalcemia and How Does It Affect Your Health?

Hypercalcemia refers to an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood, specifically when the concentration of ionized calcium in serum exceeds 2.75 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). When calcium levels rise above 4.5 mmol/L, a life-threatening condition known as hypercalcemic crisis can occur. This severe state may lead to symptoms such as high fever, cardiac arrhythmias, dehydration, confusion, or even loss of consciousness, requiring immediate medical attention.

Understanding the Causes of Elevated Calcium Levels

Several underlying health conditions can disrupt calcium balance in the body and lead to hypercalcemia. The most common causes include certain types of cancer—particularly those that spread to the bones—overactivity of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism), and excessive intake of vitamin D or calcium supplements. Other contributing factors may include prolonged immobilization, specific medications, and chronic kidney disease.

Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia

In patients with malignancies, especially breast, lung, or multiple myeloma, tumor cells can release substances that mimic parathyroid hormone, causing bones to release excess calcium into the bloodstream. This is one of the leading causes of hypercalcemia in hospitalized adults and often signals advanced disease progression.

Endocrine and Metabolic Contributors

Hyperthyroidism and sarcoidosis are additional conditions linked to elevated calcium levels. In these cases, the body's metabolism becomes overactive, increasing bone turnover and calcium absorption from the gut, further exacerbating the imbalance.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Hypercalcemia

Early signs of hypercalcemia can be subtle and easily mistaken for other conditions. Common symptoms include persistent headaches, insomnia, nausea, increased thirst, frequent urination, and unintended weight loss. As calcium levels rise, individuals may experience generalized muscle weakness, fatigue, abdominal pain, and mood changes such as irritability or depression.

In more severe cases, neurological symptoms like confusion, lethargy, and even coma can develop. Cardiovascular effects may include irregular heartbeats or hypertension, making timely diagnosis and treatment essential to prevent complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches

Doctors typically diagnose hypercalcemia through blood tests that measure total and ionized calcium, along with assessments of parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D levels, and kidney function. Imaging studies may also be used to identify tumors or bone abnormalities.

• Mild cases may only require monitoring and lifestyle adjustments.
• Moderate to severe cases often involve intravenous fluids to rehydrate the body and medications like bisphosphonates to reduce bone breakdown.
• In cancer-related cases, treating the underlying malignancy is crucial.
• Surgery may be recommended for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Preventive measures include avoiding excessive calcium or vitamin D supplementation without medical guidance and staying well-hydrated, especially for individuals at higher risk. Regular health screenings can help detect imbalances early, improving long-term outcomes.