Symptoms and Management of Hypercalcemia: What You Need to Know
Hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by elevated calcium levels in the blood, can significantly impact multiple bodily systems. While calcium is essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle performance, excessive amounts disrupt normal physiological processes. This imbalance often stems from overactive parathyroid glands, certain cancers, prolonged immobility, or excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D supplements.
Common Signs Across Body Systems
The effects of hypercalcemia are most noticeable in the digestive, musculoskeletal, nervous, and urinary systems. In the gastrointestinal tract, individuals may experience a marked decrease in appetite, persistent nausea, episodes of vomiting, and abdominal discomfort or pain. These symptoms can sometimes be mistaken for common stomach issues, delaying proper diagnosis.
Digestive and Respiratory Effects
Reduced gastric motility contributes to constipation and bloating, while increased calcium levels can also lead to thicker bronchial secretions. This may impair respiratory function, particularly in elderly patients or those with pre-existing lung conditions, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Nervous System Impacts
Cognitive and neurological symptoms are also prevalent. Patients might report mild depression, confusion, or difficulty concentrating. In more advanced cases, impaired coordination—often seen as an unsteady gait or clumsiness—can occur. Some individuals also notice a gradual decline in hearing and vision, which may be reversible with appropriate treatment.
Muscle Weakness and Fatigue
Elevated calcium interferes with neuromuscular transmission, leading to generalized muscle weakness and fatigue. This can reduce mobility and affect daily activities, especially in older adults who may already face physical limitations.
Urinary and Kidney Complications
The kidneys bear a significant burden during hypercalcemia. High calcium concentrations damage renal tubules, impairing the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. This results in polyuria (excessive urination) and, consequently, dehydration. Left untreated, chronic hypercalcemia increases the risk of kidney stones, calcification of kidney tissue, and long-term renal dysfunction.
Potential for Blood Clots
Severe or prolonged hypercalcemia can promote a hypercoagulable state, raising the likelihood of thrombosis. This means patients may face an increased risk of developing dangerous blood clots, which could lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or even pulmonary embolism in extreme cases.
Diagnosis and Medical Evaluation
If hypercalcemia is suspected, prompt medical evaluation is crucial. Physicians typically order blood tests to confirm calcium levels and assess parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D status. Imaging studies such as CT scans or X-rays may be used to detect underlying causes like tumors or bone abnormalities. Bone density scans can also help evaluate skeletal involvement.
Effective Treatment Approaches
Treatment strategies depend on the severity and root cause. For acute cases, intravenous fluids are often administered to rehydrate the patient and promote calcium excretion. Medications such as calcitonin can provide rapid but short-term reduction in calcium levels. Long-term management may include corticosteroids, bisphosphonates, or surgical intervention—for example, removing a malfunctioning parathyroid gland.
Lifestyle adjustments, including staying well-hydrated, maintaining moderate physical activity, and monitoring calcium and supplement intake, play a supportive role in preventing recurrence. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers ensure ongoing management and early detection of complications.