Who Is at Higher Risk for Developing Multiple Myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer characterized by the malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It ranks as the second most common hematologic malignancy, accounting for approximately 10% of all blood-related cancers. While medical advancements have improved treatment outcomes, multiple myeloma remains challenging to cure completely. Understanding who is most vulnerable can aid in early detection and better disease management.

Age: Older Adults Are Most Affected

The risk of developing multiple myeloma increases significantly with age. The majority of cases are diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 60 and 65, with incidence rates rising steadily beyond that. This suggests that aging plays a critical role in the development of the disease, likely due to accumulated genetic mutations and declining immune surveillance over time. While younger adults can be affected, it is relatively rare under the age of 50.

Exposure to Environmental Toxins and Radiation

Occupational and environmental exposures are also linked to a higher risk of multiple myeloma. People who have long-term contact with certain chemicals—such as benzene, pesticides, and other industrial solvents—show an elevated incidence. Additionally, exposure to ionizing radiation, including that from nuclear sources or prolonged medical imaging, has been associated with increased susceptibility. Workers in agricultural, petrochemical, and military industries may face greater risks due to these exposures.

History of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS)

One of the most significant precursor conditions for multiple myeloma is monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). This benign disorder involves the presence of abnormal proteins in the blood produced by plasma cells. Although MGUS itself doesn't cause symptoms, it can progress to multiple myeloma at a rate of about 1% per year. Individuals diagnosed with MGUS require regular monitoring through blood tests and clinical evaluations to detect any progression early.

Other Potential Risk Factors

While age, toxin exposure, and MGUS are the primary risk factors, researchers continue to explore additional contributors. These include family history—suggesting a possible genetic predisposition—and chronic immune system stimulation, such as from long-standing infections or autoimmune diseases. Obesity and certain viral infections are also being studied for their potential roles in increasing risk.

In summary, while multiple myeloma can affect anyone, older adults, those exposed to harmful chemicals or radiation, and individuals with a history of MGUS are at notably higher risk. Raising awareness about these risk groups supports earlier diagnosis and more effective intervention strategies, ultimately improving patient outcomes.