Early Signs of Multiple Myeloma You Shouldn't Ignore
Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that develops in plasma cells, a critical component of the immune system. In its early stages, symptoms can be subtle and often mimic other, less serious conditions. Recognizing these warning signs early can lead to timely diagnosis and more effective treatment. Here are the most common early indicators of multiple myeloma, along with additional insights to help you understand how this disease affects the body.
1. Hypercalcemia: Elevated Calcium Levels
Hypercalcemia, or high calcium levels in the blood, is one of the hallmark features of early multiple myeloma. This occurs when bone breakdown releases excessive calcium into the bloodstream. Symptoms may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, constipation, confusion, and even mood changes. Left untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to kidney damage and cardiac complications, making it crucial to monitor for these signs—especially in older adults.
2. Kidney Dysfunction: A Critical Warning Sign
Kidney impairment is another major consequence of multiple myeloma. The abnormal proteins produced by malignant plasma cells—known as M proteins—can accumulate in the kidneys and impair their ability to filter waste. This leads to elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Patients may experience reduced urine output, swelling in the legs or face (edema), fatigue, and in severe cases, acute or chronic kidney failure. Early detection through routine blood and urine tests can help preserve kidney function and improve long-term outcomes.
How Myeloma Affects Renal Health
The relationship between myeloma and kidney damage is well-documented. Light chains from M proteins can cause tubular injury, leading to what's known as "myeloma kidney." Staying well-hydrated and managing protein levels are key preventive strategies. Physicians often recommend regular monitoring of renal function in patients at risk.
3. Anemia: Unexplained Fatigue and Weakness
Anemia is prevalent in multiple myeloma due to the crowding out of healthy red blood cells in the bone marrow by cancerous plasma cells. This results in lower hemoglobin levels, causing symptoms such as dizziness, persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, and difficulty walking even after minimal exertion. Unlike typical tiredness, anemia-related fatigue doesn't improve significantly with rest, signaling the need for further medical evaluation.
Why Blood Tests Matter
A complete blood count (CBC) can easily detect anemia. If unexplained anemia persists—especially alongside other symptoms—it should prompt investigation into underlying causes like multiple myeloma, particularly in individuals over 50.
4. Bone Destruction: From Osteoporosis to Fractures
Bone involvement is one of the most distinctive aspects of multiple myeloma. Cancer cells disrupt the balance between bone resorption and formation, leading to osteoporosis, lytic lesions (also described as "punched-out" or "worm-eaten" holes on X-rays), and increased fracture risk. These bone lesions commonly occur in the spine, skull, pelvis, and ribs.
Pain and Mobility Issues
Patients often report persistent back pain or bone pain that worsens at night or with movement. In advanced cases, spinal fractures can compress nerves, leading to numbness or weakness in limbs. Imaging studies like X-rays, MRIs, or PET scans are essential tools for diagnosing bone abnormalities linked to myeloma.
While these symptoms can stem from various conditions, their combination—especially in older populations—should raise suspicion of multiple myeloma. Early diagnosis through laboratory testing, imaging, and bone marrow biopsy significantly improves prognosis. If you or a loved one experiences several of these signs persistently, consult a healthcare provider for a comprehensive evaluation.