Why Do People Develop Multiple Myeloma? Uncovering the Causes and Advances in Treatment

Multiple myeloma is a type of malignant blood cancer that originates in the plasma cells of the bone marrow. While the exact cause remains unclear, researchers believe it develops due to a combination of genetic mutations and environmental influences. Certain chromosomal abnormalities and gene dysfunctions have been closely associated with the onset of this disease, suggesting a strong biological predisposition in some individuals.

Potential Risk Factors Behind Multiple Myeloma

Although no single cause has been definitively proven, several risk factors are under scientific investigation. Long-term exposure to certain chemicals—especially benzene, commonly found in industrial settings and petroleum products—has been linked to an increased likelihood of developing blood cancers, including multiple myeloma.

Environmental and Occupational Exposures

Chemical exposure, such as from pesticides and herbicides, particularly among agricultural workers, may elevate risk. Additionally, prior treatment with chemotherapy or radiation therapy for other cancers might contribute to secondary malignancies, including myeloma, due to DNA damage in healthy cells. Individuals who have undergone extensive radiation exposure—whether through medical treatments or occupational hazards—also appear to face a higher risk.

Despite ongoing studies, conclusive evidence linking these factors directly to multiple myeloma remains limited. However, the pattern of increased incidence in certain populations suggests that both lifestyle and environmental triggers play a role alongside genetic susceptibility.

Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations

Multiple myeloma often presents with a range of systemic symptoms. Anemia is common, resulting from the overcrowding of healthy red blood cells by malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Patients frequently experience bone pain, especially in the spine, ribs, and pelvis, due to tumor growth within the bones and the development of lytic lesions.

Another major complication is kidney dysfunction. The overproduction of abnormal immunoglobulins (M proteins) can damage renal tubules, leading to impaired kidney function or even failure if left untreated. Other signs include frequent infections, fatigue, elevated calcium levels, and unexplained weight loss.

Modern Treatment Approaches and Improved Outcomes

In the past, multiple myeloma carried a poor prognosis, with a median survival of just around three years after diagnosis. However, significant advances in treatment have dramatically improved patient outcomes. Today's standard care often involves a combination of targeted chemotherapy, immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies.

The Role of Stem Cell Transplantation

Autologous stem cell transplantation—where a patient's own stem cells are harvested, stored, and reinfused after high-dose chemotherapy—has become a cornerstone in managing eligible patients. This approach helps restore bone marrow function and prolongs remission periods.

Thanks to innovative therapies and personalized treatment plans, the overall survival rate for multiple myeloma has significantly increased. Many patients now live five years or more, with some achieving long-term disease control and improved quality of life.

Ongoing clinical trials continue to explore new drug combinations, CAR-T cell therapy, and early detection methods, offering hope for even greater breakthroughs in the near future. As research progresses, understanding the complex interplay between genetics and environment will be key to preventing and ultimately curing this challenging disease.