Signs and Symptoms of Lymphoma: What You Need to Know

Lymphoma, a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, can manifest through a variety of physical signs and systemic symptoms. Recognizing these early indicators is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. While some symptoms may seem mild or resemble those of common illnesses, persistent or unusual changes in the body should never be ignored.

Common Physical Signs of Lymphoma

Swollen Lymph Nodes

One of the most noticeable early signs of lymphoma is the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, typically found in areas such as the neck, armpits, or groin. These swollen nodes are often painless but can vary in size and tend to feel firm or rubbery to the touch. Unlike reactive nodes caused by infections, lymphoma-related lymph nodes usually have irregular borders, an uneven surface, and may cluster together to form larger, immovable masses beneath the skin.

Skin Ulceration

In more advanced cases, particularly when lymphoma involves the skin or superficial lymph nodes, tumor growth can break through the skin's surface. This may result in chronic, non-healing sores or ulcers with raised edges—often referred to as malignant ulcers. These lesions may become infected, ooze fluid, or bleed, requiring medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause.

Systemic Symptoms Related to Internal Involvement

Respiratory Issues Due to Mediastinal Masses

When lymphoma develops in deeper regions like the mediastinum—the central compartment of the chest cavity—it can lead to significant respiratory complications. A growing tumor in this area may compress the trachea or lungs, causing persistent coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, or even wheezing. Patients might also experience difficulty breathing when lying flat, a condition known as orthopnea, which warrants immediate medical attention.

Abdominal and Back Pain from Retroperitoneal Involvement

Lymphoma affecting lymph nodes behind the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal lymph nodes) can cause dull or sharp pain in the lower back or upper abdomen. This discomfort may be constant or intermittent and is sometimes accompanied by a feeling of fullness, bloating, or unexplained weight loss. In some cases, the tumor may press on nearby organs or nerves, leading to additional gastrointestinal symptoms or altered kidney function.

Additional Warning Signs to Watch For

Beyond localized symptoms, many individuals with lymphoma experience systemic effects such as unexplained fevers, drenching night sweats, and significant weight loss over a short period—commonly known as "B symptoms" in clinical practice. Fatigue, loss of appetite, and generalized weakness are also frequently reported. While these signs are not exclusive to lymphoma, their persistence without an obvious cause should prompt a thorough medical workup.

Early detection plays a key role in improving outcomes for people with lymphoma. If you notice any combination of persistent swollen glands, unusual skin changes, breathing difficulties, or chronic pain, consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation. Awareness and timely action can make a meaningful difference in managing this complex disease.