What to Do If You Develop a Fever After a Bone Marrow Biopsy for Lymphoma

When diagnosing malignant lymphoma—a type of blood cancer—doctors often perform a bone marrow biopsy to confirm the presence of abnormal cells, assess the extent of organ involvement, and determine whether the disease has spread to the bone marrow. A positive finding in the marrow typically indicates advanced-stage disease, which can complicate treatment options and affect long-term prognosis. While bone marrow procedures are generally safe, some patients may experience a fever afterward. Although post-biopsy fever is relatively uncommon, it should be carefully evaluated to rule out serious complications.

Potential Causes of Fever After Bone Marrow Aspiration

Fever following a bone marrow biopsy doesn't always indicate an infection related to the procedure. Several underlying factors could contribute to elevated body temperature, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Understanding these causes is essential for timely and appropriate medical intervention.

1. Lymphoma-Related Fever (Systemic Symptoms)

Both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma can cause systemic symptoms known as "B symptoms," which include unexplained fevers (typically over 38°C or 100.4°F), night sweats, and significant weight loss. These fevers are not due to infection but result from cytokine release triggered by the cancer itself. If the fever occurs days or weeks after the biopsy and no signs of local infection are present, it may be a manifestation of active disease rather than a procedural complication.

2. Infection Due to Reduced Immunity

Lymphoma patients often have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections. Even minor exposure to cold temperatures during or after the biopsy—or contact with pathogens in a clinical setting—can lead to bacterial or viral infections. If the skin at the biopsy site becomes infected or if respiratory infections like the common cold develop, fever may follow. Signs such as redness, swelling, or discharge at the puncture site, cough, sore throat, or chills suggest an infectious origin.

3. Procedure-Related Inflammatory Response

In rare cases, the body may mount a mild inflammatory reaction in response to tissue trauma from the needle insertion. This usually results in low-grade fever that resolves within 24–48 hours without treatment. However, persistent or high fever should never be ignored and warrants immediate medical evaluation.

Recommended Steps When Fever Occurs

If you develop a fever after a bone marrow biopsy, monitor your symptoms closely. Take note of the temperature pattern, accompanying symptoms (e.g., pain at the site, fatigue, chills), and any recent exposure to sick individuals. Contact your healthcare provider promptly, especially if the fever exceeds 38.3°C (101°F) or lasts more than 24 hours.

Your doctor may order blood tests, cultures, or imaging studies to identify the cause. Depending on the findings, treatments may include antibiotics for infection, antipyretics for symptom relief, or adjustments to your lymphoma therapy plan.

Prevention and Patient Care Tips

To reduce risks after the procedure, keep the biopsy site clean and dry, avoid strenuous activity for a few days, dress warmly to prevent chills, and maintain good hand hygiene. Staying well-hydrated and getting adequate rest supports immune function and recovery.

Early recognition and management of post-biopsy fever are crucial, particularly in cancer patients whose health status requires careful monitoring. Always communicate openly with your medical team about any new or worsening symptoms to ensure optimal care and outcomes.