What Causes Reflux Esophagitis?

Reflux esophagitis is a type of gastrointestinal motility disorder and is closely associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter, a muscular ring located at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, becomes weak or relaxes inappropriately. This malfunction allows stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, acid regurgitation, and even complications like esophageal inflammation.

The primary cause of GERD and reflux esophagitis is the improper relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, this muscle acts like a valve — it opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and then closes tightly to prevent backward flow. However, if it becomes weak or relaxes at the wrong time, stomach acid can rise into the esophagus, irritating the lining and causing symptoms like burning discomfort, chest pain, and a sensation of acid backing up into the throat.

In addition to sphincter dysfunction, certain lifestyle and health factors can contribute to the development of GERD, including obesity, anxiety, overeating, lying down shortly after meals, and consuming certain foods or beverages like spicy dishes, alcohol, or caffeine. These elements can increase pressure on the stomach or relax the lower esophageal sphincter, worsening symptoms.

Reflux esophagitis is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and diagnostic tests, with endoscopy being the most important tool. During an endoscopic examination, doctors can directly observe damage to the esophageal lining and classify the severity of the condition into four grades — A (mildest), B, C, and D (most severe).

If you experience persistent reflux symptoms, it's important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Left untreated, GERD can lead to serious complications such as esophageal ulcers, narrowing of the esophagus, or Barrett's esophagus — a condition that increases the risk of esophageal cancer. With appropriate medical guidance and lifestyle adjustments, however, symptoms can often be effectively managed.