Signs of Leukemia in Older Adults: What You Need to Know

Leukemia, a type of cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, can present differently in older adults compared to younger individuals. As the immune system weakens with age, seniors are more vulnerable to complications, making early detection crucial. Recognizing the common signs of leukemia in the elderly can lead to timely diagnosis and better treatment outcomes.

Common Symptoms of Leukemia in Seniors

While leukemia symptoms can vary depending on the type—whether acute or chronic—the following signs are frequently observed in older adults. It's important to note that these symptoms may develop gradually and can sometimes be mistaken for normal aging or other health conditions.

Fever and Recurrent Infections

One of the earliest indicators of leukemia in older adults is persistent or recurrent fever. This occurs due to a weakened immune system caused by an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. These malfunctioning cells crowd out healthy ones, reducing the body's ability to fight off infections. As a result, seniors may experience frequent respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, or unexplained fevers without a clear source.

Anemia-Related Fatigue and Weakness

Anemia is a hallmark symptom of leukemia and is especially common in elderly patients. When leukemia disrupts the production of red blood cells, it leads to low oxygen levels in the bloodstream. This can cause significant fatigue, shortness of breath during light activity, dizziness, and a general feeling of weakness. Many older adults may dismiss these symptoms as part of getting older, but they should not be ignored when they persist or worsen.

Unusual Bleeding and Bruising

Bleeding tendencies are another key sign of leukemia in seniors. A drop in platelet count (thrombocytopenia) impairs the blood's ability to clot properly. This may result in easy bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding gums while brushing teeth, or prolonged bleeding from minor cuts. Some patients may also notice tiny red spots on the skin called petechiae, which are small hemorrhages under the surface.

Swollen Abdomen Due to Enlarged Organs

Leukemia can cause the liver and spleen to enlarge, leading to a sensation of fullness or bloating in the abdomen—even after eating small amounts. This swelling may be painless but can become uncomfortable over time. In some cases, an enlarged spleen can press on the stomach, reducing appetite and contributing to unintended weight loss.

Swollen Lymph Nodes

Lymphadenopathy, or swollen lymph nodes, is another potential indicator of leukemia. These enlargements are typically painless and most commonly occur in the neck, underarms (axillary), or groin (inguinal) areas. While swollen lymph nodes can result from infections, their persistence without an obvious cause warrants further medical evaluation, especially in older adults.

When to Seek Medical Attention

If you or a loved one over the age of 60 experiences a combination of unexplained fatigue, recurrent fevers, easy bruising, or swollen lymph nodes, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider. Early blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC), can help identify abnormalities that may point to leukemia or other serious conditions.

Because symptoms often mimic those of less severe illnesses, leukemia in older adults can go undiagnosed for months. Increased awareness and proactive health monitoring are key to catching the disease in its earlier, more treatable stages.