Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can present with both esophageal and non-esophageal symptoms. The most common esophageal symptom is acid regurgitation, where stomach or duodenal contents flow back into the esophagus, causing discomfort. This is often accompanied by a burning sensation behind the breastbone, similar to the feeling after consuming spicy food.

In addition to these typical symptoms, GERD can also cause extra-esophageal manifestations. These may include chronic cough, hoarseness, and in some cases, asthma-like symptoms. More severe cases might lead to respiratory complications such as aspiration pneumonia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic conditions.

If left untreated, GERD caused by reflux esophagitis can lead to serious complications. These complications may include gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers, which can present as vomiting material that looks like coffee grounds or passing black, tarry stools. When esophageal stricture occurs due to chronic inflammation, patients may experience pain behind the breastbone or difficulty swallowing.

In advanced stages, reflux esophagitis can progress to Barrett's esophagus, a condition that increases the risk of developing esophageal cancer. At this stage, symptoms may shift to those typically associated with esophageal malignancy, such as unexplained weight loss or persistent difficulty in swallowing.

Early recognition and management of GERD symptoms are crucial in preventing these severe outcomes and improving quality of life.