What to Do If Swollen Lymph Nodes Won't Go Away

Swollen lymph nodes that persist for an extended period may require further medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause. While most cases of lymph node enlargement are temporary and linked to infections, persistent swelling could signal a more serious condition. To accurately diagnose the nature of the swelling, healthcare providers may recommend procedures such as fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy or surgical excision. These diagnostic methods help identify whether the enlargement is due to infection, autoimmune disorders, or potentially malignant conditions.

Understanding the Role of Lymph Nodes in the Body

Lymph nodes are vital components of the immune system, acting as filters that trap harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, and even cancer cells. Under normal circumstances, healthy lymph nodes are small—typically around 0.5 cm in size—and soft to the touch. Most people cannot feel their lymph nodes unless they become enlarged due to illness or inflammation.

Common Locations of Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes are distributed throughout the body, both superficially and deep within cavities. Key surface areas where they can be palpated include the neck, underarms (axillary regions), and groin (inguinal areas). Internally, clusters are found in the chest (mediastinum), abdomen, and pelvis. When an infection occurs near these regions—such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, or tonsillitis—the nearby lymph nodes often react by swelling as part of the body's immune response.

When Infection Causes Lymph Node Enlargement

For instance, an upper respiratory infection may lead to swollen neck nodes, while an arm or hand infection might trigger enlargement in the armpit. In most infection-related cases, once the primary illness resolves, the lymph nodes gradually return to their normal size without intervention. This reactive swelling is usually accompanied by tenderness and typically lasts a few days to several weeks.

When to Be Concerned About Persistent Swelling

However, if lymph nodes remain enlarged for more than two to four weeks, continue growing, feel hard or fixed in place, or appear without any clear sign of infection, it's important to seek medical attention. Prolonged lymphadenopathy (swollen glands) can sometimes indicate systemic diseases such as lymphoma, leukemia, tuberculosis, or metastatic cancer from other organs.

Diagnostic Approaches for Chronic Lymph Node Swelling

To determine the root cause, doctors may order blood tests, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans, and ultimately perform a biopsy. A fine-needle aspiration or core needle biopsy allows pathologists to examine cell samples, while surgical removal (excisional biopsy) provides a more comprehensive tissue analysis—especially useful when malignancy is suspected.

Early diagnosis and proper management are crucial for effective treatment outcomes. If you notice persistent, painless, or clustered lumps in common lymph node areas, don't ignore them. Consulting a healthcare professional promptly ensures timely investigation and peace of mind—or early intervention if needed.