Swollen Lymph Nodes Under the Arm: Which Medical Specialty Should You Consult?
Discovering a lump or swelling under your arm can be concerning, and one of the most common causes is enlarged axillary lymph nodes. These small, bean-shaped glands play a crucial role in your immune system by filtering harmful substances and fighting infections. If you notice persistent swelling in this area, it's essential to seek medical attention promptly. The first point of contact should typically be a general surgeon or a specialist within the general surgery department, as they are trained to evaluate and manage conditions related to swollen lymph nodes in the armpit region.
Common Causes of Axillary Lymph Node Enlargement
Swelling in the underarm area may stem from various underlying health issues. Understanding the potential causes can help guide appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Below are some of the most frequent reasons for axillary lymphadenopathy:
1. Infections and Inflammatory Conditions
Localized infections near the arm, hand, or upper limb are among the leading causes of swollen lymph nodes under the arm. Bacterial infections such as cellulitis (commonly known as "erysipelas" when affecting the skin), abscesses, or even minor cuts that become infected can trigger an immune response. This leads to reactive lymph node enlargement as the body works to eliminate pathogens. Inflammation of veins (phlebitis) or soft tissue infections in the upper extremities may also contribute to lymph node swelling in the axilla.
2. Breast-Related Diseases
One of the more serious causes of axillary lymph node enlargement is breast cancer. Cancer cells can spread from the breast tissue to nearby lymph nodes, especially those located in the armpit. This process, known as lymph node metastasis, often requires comprehensive evaluation through imaging tests like mammography or ultrasound, followed by biopsy if necessary. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of both the primary tumor and affected lymph nodes, along with possible chemotherapy or radiation therapy depending on the stage.
Women experiencing lumps in the breast or unexplained armpit swelling should undergo regular screenings and consult a healthcare provider without delay. Early detection significantly improves outcomes in breast-related malignancies.
3. Systemic Illnesses and Rare Conditions
In some cases, enlarged axillary lymph nodes may indicate a broader systemic issue rather than a localized problem. Certain blood cancers—such as lymphoma or leukemia—can present with painless, persistent lymph node swelling. These conditions require specialized hematological testing, including blood work and bone marrow analysis, for accurate diagnosis.
Additionally, infectious diseases like tuberculosis or parasitic infestations can infiltrate the lymphatic system and lead to chronic lymphadenopathy. While less common in developed countries, these causes must still be considered, especially in patients with relevant travel history or risk factors.
When to See a Doctor and What to Expect
If you notice swollen lymph nodes under your arm that last longer than two weeks, continue to grow, feel hard or fixed, or are accompanied by other symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, night sweats, fever, or fatigue, it's important to schedule a medical consultation immediately.
Your initial visit will likely be with a general surgeon or a physician experienced in evaluating soft tissue masses. They may perform a physical exam, order diagnostic imaging (like ultrasound or MRI), and recommend a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or core needle biopsy to determine the nature of the swelling.
Next Steps After Diagnosis
Once the cause is identified, your care may involve referrals to other specialists:
- Oncologists for cancer-related diagnoses
- Hematologists for blood disorders
- Infectious disease experts for complex infections
- Breast health specialists for benign or malignant breast conditions
Early and accurate diagnosis is key to effective treatment and recovery. Don't ignore persistent armpit swelling—seek professional medical advice to rule out serious conditions and begin appropriate care.