Causes of Chronic Gastritis

Chronic gastritis is a condition characterized by long-term inflammation of the stomach lining. In clinical practice, its development is primarily linked to various biological and environmental factors. The most common causes include:

Helicobacter pylori infection: This bacterium is considered the primary cause of chronic gastritis. In fact, over 90% of patients diagnosed with chronic gastritis test positive for Helicobacter pylori. The infection leads to persistent inflammation of the gastric mucosa if left untreated.

Autoimmune Mechanisms: In some cases, chronic gastritis is associated with autoimmune disorders. Patients may produce antibodies against their own stomach lining cells, particularly parietal cells, which can lead to progressive damage and atrophy of the gastric mucosa.

Physical Irritants: Long-term exposure to extreme temperatures in food, such as very hot or cold meals, can irritate the stomach lining. Additionally, consumption of coarse foods, strong tea, coffee, alcohol, and spicy seasonings may contribute to repeated injury of the gastric mucosa, eventually resulting in chronic inflammation.

Chemical Influences: Smoking plays a significant role in the development of gastritis. Nicotine and other harmful substances found in tobacco can impair blood flow to the stomach lining and disrupt the function of the pyloric sphincter, potentially leading to bile reflux and further irritation.

Medication Use: Certain medications, especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and indomethacin, are known to weaken the protective barrier of the stomach. Prolonged use of these drugs increases the risk of developing gastritis due to reduced mucosal defense.

Other Contributing Conditions: Several systemic conditions have been associated with chronic gastritis, including aging, malnutrition, heart failure, liver disease, diabetes, and thyroid disorders. These illnesses may compromise the body's ability to maintain healthy gastric tissue or increase susceptibility to inflammation.

Understanding these contributing factors is essential for effective prevention and management of chronic gastritis. If symptoms persist, it's recommended to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.