What Is Mycoplasma Infection? Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Mycoplasma infection refers to the presence of a unique type of microorganism in the body that lacks a cell wall, making it different from typical bacteria. These microscopic pathogens can invade various tissues and organs, leading to a range of health complications depending on the site of infection. Because mycoplasmas are among the smallest free-living organisms, they can be difficult to detect and treat without proper medical evaluation.

Common Types of Mycoplasma Infections

There are several types of mycoplasma species that affect humans, with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Mycoplasma hominis being the most clinically significant. Each strain tends to target specific areas of the body, resulting in distinct conditions.

Respiratory Infections: Mycoplasma Pneumonia

One of the most well-known forms is Mycoplasma pneumonia, often referred to as "walking pneumonia." This condition typically causes persistent cough, low-grade fever, fatigue, sore throat, and headache. Unlike typical bacterial pneumonia, symptoms develop gradually and may be mild, which sometimes leads to delayed diagnosis.

Urinary and Reproductive Tract Infections

Mycoplasma genitalium is a major cause of urethritis in both men and women, leading to symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, burning sensation during urination, and discharge. In women, untreated infections can progress to cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and even infertility. Similarly, Mycoplasma hominis has been linked to bacterial vaginosis, postpartum fever, and recurrent miscarriages, highlighting its impact on reproductive health.

Diagnosis Challenges and Testing Methods

Because mycoplasma infections often mimic other common illnesses, accurate diagnosis requires specialized testing. Standard culture methods are ineffective due to the organism's complex growth requirements. Instead, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), such as PCR, are used to detect genetic material from the pathogen in urine, swab, or blood samples. Early detection is crucial for preventing complications and reducing transmission.

Treatment and Antibiotic Sensitivity

Treatment depends heavily on the infected site, severity of symptoms, and antibiotic resistance patterns. Since mycoplasmas lack a cell wall, antibiotics like penicillin and other beta-lactams are ineffective. Instead, doctors typically prescribe macrolides (e.g., azithromycin), tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline), or fluoroquinolones (e.g., moxifloxacin). However, rising resistance—especially in M. genitalium—makes drug sensitivity testing essential before starting long-term therapy.

Prevention and Public Awareness

Preventing the spread of mycoplasma involves practicing good hygiene, safe sexual behaviors, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, especially during respiratory outbreaks. Public awareness and timely medical consultation are key to managing this often-overlooked infection. As research advances, better diagnostic tools and targeted therapies continue to improve patient outcomes.

In conclusion, mycoplasma infections, though frequently underdiagnosed, can significantly impact respiratory and urogenital health. Recognizing the symptoms early and seeking appropriate testing and treatment can prevent long-term complications and support faster recovery.