What Is Mycoplasma Infection? Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Among the seven major categories of pathogenic microorganisms known to affect humans—fungi, bacteria, viruses, chlamydia, actinomycetes, rickettsiae, and mycoplasma—mycoplasma stands out due to its unique biological structure and disease-causing potential. Unlike typical bacteria, mycoplasma lacks a rigid cell wall, making it highly adaptable and resistant to certain antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

Common Types of Mycoplasma in Humans

The most clinically significant species affecting humans is Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which primarily targets the respiratory system. This microorganism is a leading cause of atypical pneumonia, often referred to as "walking pneumonia" due to its relatively mild presentation in many cases. In addition to pneumonia, M. pneumoniae can trigger a range of respiratory conditions including tracheobronchitis, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), and acute bronchitis.

How Mycoplasma Infections Spread

Transmission occurs mainly through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The infection tends to spread easily in crowded environments such as schools, dormitories, and households, especially during late summer and early fall. Because symptoms develop gradually—often over 1–3 weeks—individuals may unknowingly pass the infection to others before realizing they are ill.

Natural Course and Immune Response

Mycoplasma infections are generally self-limiting, meaning that healthy individuals with normal immune function typically recover without specific medical intervention. In children and adults with strong immune systems, mild cases resolve on their own within a few weeks, particularly when no complications arise. The body's natural defenses are usually sufficient to clear the infection over time.

When Medical Treatment Becomes Necessary

However, if the infection progresses to more severe forms such as bacterial pneumonia or causes persistent high fever, difficulty breathing, or prolonged coughing, medical attention is required. In such cases, healthcare providers often prescribe macrolide antibiotics like azithromycin, which are effective against mycoplasma due to their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in these organisms. For patients allergic to macrolides, alternative treatments such as tetracyclines (for older children and adults) or fluoroquinolones may be considered.

Prevention and Public Health Considerations

Currently, there is no vaccine available for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, so prevention focuses on good hygiene practices—frequent handwashing, covering the mouth when coughing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals. Early recognition of symptoms and prompt treatment can help reduce transmission and prevent outbreaks, especially in community settings.

In summary, while mycoplasma infections are usually mild and resolve independently, awareness of their symptoms and appropriate management strategies is essential for preventing complications and protecting public health.