What Is Mycoplasma Infection? Understanding Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Mycoplasma is a unique type of microorganism that falls somewhere between bacteria and viruses in terms of size and structure. Unlike typical bacteria, mycoplasma lacks a rigid cell wall, which makes it resistant to certain antibiotics like penicillin. This distinctive characteristic allows it to survive and thrive in various environments within the human body, particularly the respiratory tract.

Common Illnesses Caused by Mycoplasma

One of the most well-known conditions linked to mycoplasma is Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, which often leads to bronchitis or atypical pneumonia. This form of pneumonia is sometimes referred to as "walking pneumonia" because symptoms tend to be mild, allowing many infected individuals to continue their daily activities without realizing they are ill.

Symptoms of Mycoplasma Infection

The clinical presentation of mycoplasma infection is usually less severe compared to bacterial pneumonia. Common signs include a persistent dry cough, low-grade fever, fatigue, and sore throat. Notably, patients typically do not experience chills or a significant rise in white blood cell count—features that help differentiate it from conventional bacterial infections. Despite showing substantial abnormalities on chest X-rays, such as large pulmonary infiltrates, many patients remain relatively asymptomatic, making diagnosis challenging.

How Is Mycoplasma Diagnosed?

Diagnosing mycoplasma infection can be tricky due to its subtle symptoms. The most reliable method involves serological testing, where a fourfold increase in antibody titers between acute and convalescent blood samples confirms recent infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on respiratory specimens are also increasingly used for faster and more accurate detection, especially in early stages of illness.

Treatment Approaches and Antibiotic Options

Traditionally, macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin and erythromycin have been the first-line treatments for mycoplasma infections, especially in children and younger adults. These drugs work effectively by inhibiting protein synthesis in the organism.

However, in recent years, growing concerns about antibiotic resistance have emerged. Some strains of mycoplasma have developed resistance to macrolides, particularly in parts of Asia. In such cases, alternative treatments are necessary. For adults, fluoroquinolones like levofloxacin or other quinolone-based antibiotics are often prescribed due to their strong efficacy against resistant strains.

Prevention and Public Health Considerations

Since mycoplasma spreads through respiratory droplets, close contact in schools, households, or crowded workplaces increases transmission risk. Practicing good hygiene—such as regular handwashing, covering your mouth when coughing, and avoiding close contact with sick individuals—can significantly reduce the spread.

Currently, there is no vaccine available for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, so awareness and early treatment remain key. Prompt recognition of symptoms and appropriate medical care can prevent complications like bronchitis, ear infections, or even rare neurological issues.

In summary, mycoplasma infection is a widespread yet often overlooked cause of respiratory illness. With its atypical presentation and evolving resistance patterns, understanding its behavior and treatment options is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes.